ORIGINAL: ericdauriac
I don't know if it's right or bad, but according to the tests I've been able to do, I confirm that the artillery in a division is treated by the software as using direct fire (for example: it suffers losses despite the "passive defender" function, it causes losses to tanks).
So my proposal seems to me valid. I make it based on Askey's studies, and I retain the range as a discriminating parameter.
Regards
Whether or not artillery in a non artillery unit uses direct fire or not is of no consequence in combat resolution. Artillery regardless of the type of unit it is in is all lumped together in one composite unit of bombardment. Range is not taken into consideration for that bombardment total unless it's buried somewhere in the code where us mortal users cannot see it.
Units can be exposed to flanking attacks exposing passively defending units to attack. Read 3.3.1 and 13.13 for explanations. If I recall correctly artillery in a non artillery unit does not suffer from counter battery fire. Can't recall for certain. Artillery in an artillery unit can be exposed to counter battery fire under certain circumstances. So yes, passively defending equipment can and will take losses. That's why you lose horse teams and trucks neither of which are using direct fire against an opposing unit unless I'm mistaken.