[FIXED] IRST - stealth detection

[Stealth2017]

Hello,

I would like someone to explain me how it is possible to positively identify and classify stealth aircraft (F35C) at more than 60 miles:

OEPS-31E-MK [IRST]] at 64.5 nm)

30/07/2018 15:01:46 - [China Satellites] Contact: Multirole #1029 has been classified as: F-35C Lightning II - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: Naha Flanker #6 (Su-30MKK Flanker G) [Sensor: OEPS-31E-MK [IRST]] at 64.5 nm)

30/07/2018 15:01:46 - [China] Contact: Multirole #1030 has been classified as: F-35C Lightning II - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: Naha Flanker #6 (Su-30MKK Flanker G) [Sensor: OEPS-31E-MK [IRST]] at 64.5 nm)

30/07/2018 15:01:46 - [China Satellites] Contact: Multirole #1030 has been classified as: F-35C Lightning II - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: Naha Flanker #6 (Su-30MKK Flanker G) [Sensor: OEPS-31E-MK [IRST]] at 64.5 nm)

30/07/2018 15:01:46 - [China] Contact: Multirole #1031 has been classified as: F-35C Lightning II - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: Naha Flanker #6 (Su-30MKK Flanker G) [Sensor: OEPS-31E-MK [IRST]] at 64.5 nm)

30/07/2018 15:01:46 - [China Satellites] Contact: Multirole #1031 has been classified as: F-35C Lightning II - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: Naha Flanker #6 (Su-30MKK Flanker G) [Sensor: OEPS-31E-MK [IRST]] at 64.5 nm)

30/07/2018 15:01:46 - [China] Contact: Multirole #1032 has been classified as: F-35C Lightning II - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: Naha Flanker #6 (Su-30MKK Flanker G) [Sensor: OEPS-31E-MK [IRST]] at 64.5 nm)

30/07/2018 15:01:46 - [China Satellites] Contact: Multirole #1032 has been classified as: F-35C Lightning II - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: Naha Flanker #6 (Su-30MKK Flanker G) [Sensor: OEPS-31E-MK [IRST]] at 64.5 nm)

According to the database signature section F35C should not be identified in the best case scenario using the infrared sensors unless being away 26.37 miles or less, the best case scenario for the classification is 3.5 miles.

In another instance my F22 has been identified and classified at 72.2 nm. So basically all the stealth aircrafts do not have any tactical advantage when they encounter SU-30 MKK.An equipment dating back to the cold war era can detect the most sophisticated aircrafts which development costs are well over several hundred billion dollars.

I have managed to locate Su-30 MKK using EOST at 20nm, but I have been discovered at 64.5nm, does it mean that IRST equipment on board F35C(EOST) is inferior to the equipment being almost 40 years old????

On the other hand when you go against J10 B/C it is not problem to get as close as 15-20nm without being spotted, that's why I am a bit confused. Su-30 MKK seems to have the abilities that even the most sophisticated and expensive fighters do not have, while J-10 B/C seems to be like a "toy". Am I interpreting the data base correctly or not? Pls I need an advise.

Kind regards

[mikmykWS]

The IRST advantage is a reality. This is why the US etc. is investing so heavily in Legion pods etc.for Eagles, Falcons etc.

As far as the J-10's capabilities a generic IRST was mounted because we knew it had one but don't know much about it (no tech details!). Conversely, there was info on the Flankers sensor.

If you have any tech details please do provide in db string.

Thanks

Mike

[thewood1]

OK...

What was the heading of the F-35?
What was the throttle setting of the F-35?
What heading was the Su-30?
What version of the Su-30MK are you working with?
etc.

This is why having a save is really important. I am not sure anyone can do more than guess at this point.

A couple other things...

1) the OEPS-31 has a detection range of 100 nm and is 80s/90s tech. (2nd generation IR capabilities).
2) Not sure where your comment about 40 year old tech comes from. The MKK was developed in 1997 and deployed a couple years later, I think 2001 or 2002.

Not saying if there is an issue or not, just some clarification.

[Stealth2017]

I know that IRST gives you a real tactical advantage, but my question is whether almost 40 years old equipment can detect a stealth aircraft at 60+ nm? It seems a bit optimistic to me.

Regards

[Stealth2017]

2) Not sure where your comment about 40 year old tech comes from. The MKK was developed in 1997 and deployed a couple years later, I think 2001 or 2002

1) the OEPS-31 has a detection range of 100 nm and is 80s/90s tech. (2nd generation IR capabilities).
Something that was developed in the 80s or 90s had been based upon the scientific facts from the the late 70s or early 80s, that's why I say that this equipment is almost 40 years old.

Regards

[thewood1]

So does that mean the F-35 is 30-year old technology? Isn't that when development started?

[KungPao]

30/07/2018 15:01:46 - [China Satellites] Contact: Multirole #1032 has been classified as: F-35C Lightning II - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: Naha Flanker #6 (Su-30MKK Flanker G) [Sensor: OEPS-31E-MK [IRST]] at 64.5 nm)

I am curious what is the log record before this one? which equipment detected Multirole #1032 ?

[Dimitris]

Post a pre-detection save.

[Stealth2017]

I am curious what is the log record before this one?
30/07/2018 15:01:46 - [China Satellites] Contact: Multirole #1031 has been classified as: F-35C Lightning II - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: Naha Flanker #6 (Su-30MKK Flanker G) [Sensor: OEPS-31E-MK [IRST]] at 64.5 nm)


which equipment detected Multirole #1032 ?
Su-30MKK Flanker G

[Filitch]

Amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritas (Plato is dear to me, but truth is dearer still)

The detection range of 64 nm and the claimed range of 100 nm even to me seems inflated. There are data for OLS-35 (Su-35S). Detection range in the rear hemisphere is 90 km, in the front - 50 km.
http://militaryrussia.ru/blog/topic-533.html

[Filitch]

But... this is quote from Su-27 Flight Crew Operation Manual: "Detection range of the fighter at the maximum operating mode of the engines on background of a clear sky in the rear hemisphere in aspect 0/4 - 2/4 is about 50 km, against a background of clouds, land and water surface 20 - 35 km, and in the afterburner mode of the engines in the front hemisphere at the aspect 1/4 is 90 - 100 km ."

https://www.scribd.com/document/5543514 ... 0%A1%D0%9A

[ComDev]

I need the pre-detection savegame.

NOTE! Many of modern Imaging IR sensors aren't terribly good search sensors (i.e. they have very limtied IRST capabilities), but they have amazing zoom levels. So when slaved to a radar, they can ID a target at 30nm++ even though they wouldn't be able to find that same contact in search mode.

[ExNusquam]

As others have said, pre-detection save is essential for this setup.

I have noted that IRST detection ranges against hot targets is generally pretty poor - it will generally be well within the bandit's WEZ. Against beaming, and especially cold targets the detection range goes up significantly. This makes sense, as the exhaust plume is going to be the single largest contributor to overall IR signature (and this is why aircraft like the F-117/B-2 go to such lengths to suppress it). In a perfect world command would scale IR detection range based on throttle position and speed/altitude (skin temperature), but the existing model is close enough I think those changes would show diminishing returns.

The takeaway from the above should be that if you need to go cold against an IRST equipped aircraft, do it in afterburner and make sure you extend enough that they lose the track before you recommit.

[Amnectrus]

I'll just note here that weather is a huge factor in IR performance. Many, if not most, scenarios in the game are set to the default perfectly clear weather with unlimited visibility, which is ideal operating conditions for IR systems and means that once detected, stealth planes can be tracked from many air and ground units indefinitely. Ships and SAMs, as well as planes, often have advanced IR or visual tracking systems, and once they see your stealth units, you'll never be able to shake them, which tends to render stealth less effective than it might be in real life.

The USAF has put quite an emphasis, historically, on all-weather operations, and if there is a cloud layer in the scenario it's a complete game-changer for stealth aircraft. Clouds almost totally neutralize IR and visual sensors, and suddenly everyone is back to using radar, and stealth really helps then. See the recent One Ship, One Country scenario in the Community Scenario Pack. A thin moderate cloud layer allows your F-35s to get within just a few miles of late-model F-15Cs with AESA radars and Legion pods, and allows you to establish and break visual contact at will by ducking above and below the cloud layer.

If your best sensor is only good in perfectly clear sky conditions, that's a major handicap against an all-weather force. And yes, the F-22 and F-35 lose some of their kinematic edge if they're flying at 24000 ft in the soup instead of 50000 ft in the clear, but if that makes the difference between being tracked from 70 miles vs tracked from 10 miles, you can bet that's where they're going to fly. I do wish more scenarios had weather enabled, and that there were more cloud configurations to choose from (or the ability to create custom weather patterns, even if they're still modeled globally). Weather has been a major factor in a lot of operations, for instance the Gulf War, where there was regular fog, sand storms, thick cloud layers, dense haze, smoke, and rain. Or the Falklands War where weather was often terrible.

[KungPao]

ORIGINAL: Stealth2017

I am curious what is the log record before this one?
30/07/2018 15:01:46 - [China Satellites] Contact: Multirole #1031 has been classified as: F-35C Lightning II - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: Naha Flanker #6 (Su-30MKK Flanker G) [Sensor: OEPS-31E-MK [IRST]] at 64.5 nm)


which equipment detected Multirole #1032 ?
Su-30MKK Flanker G

Hi Stealth2017,
the stealth fighter generates a lot of heat too and a special heat signal will leads to long distance identification. The problem is not classification but detection
Also your subject says “IRST-stealth detection” but log you provide only tells the IRST is the one who ID the F-35,

30/07/2018 15:01:46 - [China Satellites] Contact: Multirole #1031 has been classified as: F-35C Lightning II - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: Naha Flanker #6 (Su-30MKK Flanker G) [Sensor: OEPS-31E-MK [IRST]] at 64.5 nm)

IRST/ EO-DAS/Visual Camera and other optical sensors have their advantages and limitations. With my limited experience with this game, I got a chance to saw the “Terminator II ATFLIR” track an Su-27 at 105nm, and ID it at 85nm in a perfect good weather condition. But IRL their narrow FoV at large magnification mode can’t get the search work done, at low magnification they are not good at searching long distance targets except at certain condition. I saw this happening in the game just as in real life. I will provide some examples below.
I have made several mini scenarios to test the stealth a while ago

1, F-35 vs J-20, head-on, both move at 480kt , 30000ft. No emission, clear sky

2:24:57 - 2:24:57 - Contact: BOGEY #4 has been classified as: J-20 Mighty Dragon - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: F-35C Lightning II [Sensor: EOTS [IRST]] at 10.5 nm)
2:24:53 - 2:24:53 - New contact! Designated BOGEY #4 - Detected by F-35C Lightning II [Sensors: AN/AAQ-37 EO-DAS] at 296deg - 11.6nm

The J-20’s log says he detected a Bogey at 9nm, see how close the detection range it is

2, F-35 vs J-20, head-on, both at 30k ft, J-20 moving at military power 1000kt

2:14:43 - 2:14:43 - Contact: Fighter #4 has been classified as: J-20 Mighty Dragon - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: F-35C Lightning II [Sensor: EOTS [IRST]] at 20.5 nm)
2:14:41 - 2:14:41 - Contact: BOGEY #4 has been type-classified as: Fighter (Classification by: F-35C Lightning II (F-35C Lightning II) [Sensor: AN/AAQ-37 EO-DAS] at 21.4 nm)
2:14:33 - 2:14:33 - New contact! Designated BOGEY #4 - Detected by F-35C Lightning II [Sensors: EOTS [IRST]] at 297deg - 24.9nm

F-35 detected J-20 at 25nm, not bad but it is still a dangerous close range


But detection distance changes with a different direction.
3, F-35 vs J-20, a 920kt F-35 chasing a 480kt J-20 at 30k ft

2:02:03 - 2:02:03 - Contact: BOGEY #5 has been classified as: J-20 Mighty Dragon - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: F-35C Lightning II [Sensor: EOTS [IRST]] at 55.5 nm)
2:01:59 - 2:01:59 - New contact! Designated BOGEY #5 - Detected by F-35C Lightning II [Sensors: AN/AAQ-37 EO-DAS] at 297deg - 56nm

However, there aren’t too many chance to capture enemy’s the rear-aspect IR signal in the game. The most common cases are stealth fighter detected by other equipment, the information was shared with different units instantly, then leads to a quick ID by IRST. CMANO treat the information sharing process as instantly, that might cause some frustration.

4, a F-22 flying towards a P-12 (SAM-2 radar but working at VHF make it a dangerous opponent)

2:40:56 - 2:40:56 - Contact: Multirole #8 has been classified as: F-22A Raptor - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: J-11BS Flanker B [Su-27SK Copy] [Sensor: Generic IRST] at 50.9 nm)
2:38:56 - 2:38:56 - Contact: BOGEY #8 has been type-classified as: Multirole (Classification by: J-11BS Flanker B [Su-27SK Copy] (J-11BS Flanker B [Su-27SK Copy]) [Sensor: Generic IRST] at Estimated 83 nm)
2:38:40 - 2:38:40 - New contact! Designated BOGEY #8 - Detected by Radar (Spoon Rest C [P-12]) [Sensors: Spoon Rest C [P-12]] at 215deg - Estimated 22nm

5, You know sometime even a Cessna 152 can detect and ID a F-22.

3:36:10 - 3:36:10 - Contact: Multirole #5 has been classified as: F-22A Raptor - Determined as: Neutral (Classification by: Cessna 152 [Sensor: Mk1 Eyeball] at 3.5 nm)
3:35:59 - 3:35:59 - Contact: BOGEY #5 has been type-classified as: Multirole (Classification by: Cessna 152 (Cessna 152) [Sensor: Mk1 Eyeball] at 5.2 nm)
3:35:51 - 3:35:51 - New contact! Designated BOGEY #5 - Detected by Cessna 152 [Sensors: Mk1 Eyeball] at 212deg - 6.1nm - Small Contrail Detected.

Now the root cause of this problem is who detected the F-35 and report BOGEY contact?

[c3k]

Does CMANO take into account the effect humidity has on IRST? Especially at lower levels of the atmosphere?

[Dimitris]

Yes, this is affected by the rainfall rate in the weather options.

[amizaur]

Hello everyone. Just boght the game and registered.

I can take that it is technically possible to detect a supersonic-moving stealth plane from 64nm with Su-30 IRST. Maybe it's really so good. Maybe the plane was detected by something else and the info passed to Su-30.

But how can the IRST identify and classify it as an F-35 ? IRST (the type that is mounted in Su-27 family planes, and all other old-fashioned 70s and 80s IRST systems) are non-imaging sensors. It's only search & track system. It's good at detecting (just opposite to FLIR) because it actively scans area, it can't identify anything.
It just detects "blips" of heat on the sky and that's all. It knows only that something is there. I can believe in detection capability, but identification - by IRST - from 60nm ? If Su-30 have some high-magnification IR or daylight camera which can be cued by IRST to identify it, then OK (from shorter range) - but the identification should not come from IRST itself.

And even in case of imaging devices (like FLIR, or a modern FLIR based IRST which can do both things), max identification range should always be shorter than max detection range. First you can see some blip or a few pixels and can make detection, but only from much closer range you can see enough pixels to recognise what kind of target it is.
Even for modern IRST/FLIR systems, claimed max identification range is usually about 60% of max detection range. Would be good to implement such rule-of-thumb into the game engine - identification of contacts possible only at less than 60% of possible detection range. Not sure if something like that is used now, the above logs of instant detection/identification events would suggest that it isn't.

Some examples of modern IRST systems:

PIRATE system from Typhoon is cited with typical range of 90km rear and 50km head-on against fighter targets. It has probably both scanning and imaging sensors, or a single imaging sensor with dual field of view to act for both detection and identification purposes:

"The PIRATE is installed on the left side of the Eurofighter Typhoon the front of the cabin. The PIRATE is integrated with the AIS (Attack and Identification System) for the Eurofighter. The system is water cooled with a weight of 60 kg and volume of 45 liters, with consumption
550 W. The use of high performance optical systems atermalizados, a detector Iiagem infrared (IIR) second-generation highly sensitive in the band that sweeps from 3 to 11 mM in two bands (3-5 mM and 8-10 mm), and an algorithm advanced with more than 190,000 lines of Ada code allows the hacker to detect the hot parts of the engine exhaust and surfaces heated by friction with air. When the sensor superresfriar even small temperature changes can be detected at long range. Although no upper limit was set, the distance of 150 km is accepted, and the typical is 50 to 80 km. PIRATE detected in the tests and Tornado aircraft Mig-29 to more than 100km. The data output can be directed to any of the MFD cockpit or HUD. Other images can be generated in the HMD, can act as FLIR and IRST. The use of processing techniques to enhance data output, improving image resolution of targets. The manufacturer claims the system is capable of displaying high-resolution images for visual identification (VID) of target-to-air and air-surface, being very useful at night."

Rafale has an IRST with advertised 100km range (that would be 60nm) AND it also has a separate system (in a second bulge on it's nose) for identification of targets (high magnification camera with laser rangefinder) with up to 40km range (I guess that's ident range).

OLS-35 system from Su-35 is said to have 90km/50km range (rear/front) - just like PIRATE, and also have a separate camera for identification purposes.

But the basic OEPS-27 IRST from Su-27 has no camera and can't identify targets. Only detect and track them. (and within ~6km it can measure range with laser rangefinder).

OLS-30 (52Sh) from Su-30MKK - "Infra-red search and track weighing 200 kg includes laser and IR sensors. In comparison to its predecessor OLS-27 (Izdeliye 36Sh) on Su-27, the IR detection range nearly doubled to > 90 km from the original 50 km. The range of laser range finder is increased to > 10 km from the original 6 km."
Still no camera, just pure IRST.

OEPS-30-I (31E-MK) - I guess this is the Su-30MKK in CMANO database - Su-30MKK (later models?) and Su-27SK - a bit better version of OLS-30 but still I can't find any info suggesting that it integrates a camera (like OLS-35).

I guess Su-27 and 30 IRSTs in database are mistakenly set as an imaging sensors ? From the logs above I see that even a Chinese copy of basic Flanker (J-11BS Flanker B [Su-27SK Copy) have this IRST with magic identyfing capabilities, only with a bit shorter range.... Well, PIRATE or OLS-35 systems should be, juts like new IRST pods which use high-resolution imaging sensors. But old OEPS-27 and it's modernised versions up to OEPS-30 should not be treated as imaging infrared sensors nor have identification capabilities, they are pure search & track systems. They generate just a bearing to target info (inside 5-10nm also range to target from it's laser rangefinder). Same for all older generation american IRST systems (like from F-4 / F-14 ect.). Just scanning IR element, that can find hot points in the sky but doesn't identify them as it doesn't produce any image of the target.

Regards!

(Sorry for possible typos or errors)

[Rory Noonan]

ORIGINAL: amizaur

Hello everyone. Just boght the game and registered.

I can take that it is technically possible to detect a supersonic-moving stealth plane from 64nm with Su-30 IRST. Maybe it's really so good. Maybe the plane was detected by something else and the info passed to Su-30.

But how can the IRST identify and classify it as an F-35 ? IRST (the type that is mounted in Su-27 family planes, and all other old-fashioned 70s and 80s IRST systems) are non-imaging sensors. It's only search & track system. It's good at detecting (just opposite to FLIR) because it actively scans area, it can't identify anything.
It just detects "blips" of heat on the sky and that's all. It knows only that something is there. I can believe in detection capability, but identification - by IRST - from 60nm ? If Su-30 have some high-magnification IR or daylight camera which can be cued by IRST to identify it, then OK (from shorter range) - but the identification should not come from IRST itself.

And even in case of imaging devices (like FLIR, or a modern FLIR based IRST which can do both things), max identification range should always be shorter than max detection range. First you can see some blip or a few pixels and can make detection, but only from much closer range you can see enough pixels to recognise what kind of target it is.
Even for modern IRST/FLIR systems, claimed max identification range is usually about 60% of max detection range. Would be good to implement such rule-of-thumb into the game engine - identification of contacts possible only at less than 60% of possible detection range. Not sure if something like that is used now, the above logs of instant detection/identification events would suggest that it isn't.

Some examples of modern IRST systems:

PIRATE system from Typhoon is cited with typical range of 90km rear and 50km head-on against fighter targets. It has probably both scanning and imaging sensors, or a single imaging sensor with dual field of view to act for both detection and identification purposes:

"The PIRATE is installed on the left side of the Eurofighter Typhoon the front of the cabin. The PIRATE is integrated with the AIS (Attack and Identification System) for the Eurofighter. The system is water cooled with a weight of 60 kg and volume of 45 liters, with consumption
550 W. The use of high performance optical systems atermalizados, a detector Iiagem infrared (IIR) second-generation highly sensitive in the band that sweeps from 3 to 11 mM in two bands (3-5 mM and 8-10 mm), and an algorithm advanced with more than 190,000 lines of Ada code allows the hacker to detect the hot parts of the engine exhaust and surfaces heated by friction with air. When the sensor superresfriar even small temperature changes can be detected at long range. Although no upper limit was set, the distance of 150 km is accepted, and the typical is 50 to 80 km. PIRATE detected in the tests and Tornado aircraft Mig-29 to more than 100km. The data output can be directed to any of the MFD cockpit or HUD. Other images can be generated in the HMD, can act as FLIR and IRST. The use of processing techniques to enhance data output, improving image resolution of targets. The manufacturer claims the system is capable of displaying high-resolution images for visual identification (VID) of target-to-air and air-surface, being very useful at night."

Rafale has an IRST with advertised 100km range (that would be 60nm) AND it also has a separate system (in a second bulge on it's nose) for identification of targets (high magnification camera with laser rangefinder) with up to 40km range (I guess that's ident range).

OLS-35 system from Su-35 is said to have 90km/50km range (rear/front) - just like PIRATE, and also have a separate camera for identification purposes.

But the basic OEPS-27 IRST from Su-27 has no camera and can't identify targets. Only detect and track them. (and within ~6km it can measure range with laser rangefinder).

OLS-30 (52Sh) from Su-30MKK - "Infra-red search and track weighing 200 kg includes laser and IR sensors. In comparison to its predecessor OLS-27 (Izdeliye 36Sh) on Su-27, the IR detection range nearly doubled to > 90 km from the original 50 km. The range of laser range finder is increased to > 10 km from the original 6 km."
Still no camera, just pure IRST.

OEPS-30-I (31E-MK) - I guess this is the Su-30MKK in CMANO database - Su-30MKK (later models?) and Su-27SK - a bit better version of OLS-30 but still I can't find any info suggesting that it integrates a camera (like OLS-35).

I guess Su-27 and 30 IRSTs in database are mistakenly set as an imaging sensors ? From the logs above I see that even a Chinese copy of basic Flanker (J-11BS Flanker B [Su-27SK Copy) have this IRST with magic identyfing capabilities, only with a bit shorter range.... Well, PIRATE or OLS-35 systems should be, juts like new IRST pods which use high-resolution imaging sensors. But old OEPS-27 and it's modernised versions up to OEPS-30 should not be treated as imaging infrared sensors nor have identification capabilities, they are pure search & track systems. They generate just a bearing to target info (inside 5-10nm also range to target from it's laser rangefinder). Same for all older generation american IRST systems (like from F-4 / F-14 ect.). Just scanning IR element, that can find hot points in the sky but doesn't identify them as it doesn't produce any image of the target.

Regards!

(Sorry for possible typos or errors)

Thanks for taking the time to write that up. If we can verify this it should make for some interesting changes. Do you hsve any references supporting this?

[Kobu]

Hi
Testing the IRST i have drawn some conclusions:
-IRST as has already been said only would be for search and it can not be directed by any sensor to detect o identify air contact.
- FLIR are normally targeting pod like "sniper pod", "ATFLIR" etc... it is utility in air to air is identify air contact provided for radar detection in that plane. From megafaqs of CMANO:
"However, scanning for targets using these systems is like looking through a straw and is difficult. They do not have an auto-scan mode either. As such, the pods are primarily slaved to the radar when used in the air-to-air role, and are used to ID targets already detected.

I think that the problem is that the FLIR system are not slaved to radar of your plane and when any sensor detect an air contact the FLIR closest to that air contact point to it and identify it. The same happens with IRST system.

The best way to to solve this is that the IRST and FLIR system be enslaved to the radar of your plane and they can not be directed by other sensor than those. Only the last gen of IRST can identify contacts and the FLIR only can identify contacts not search it. Would also reduce the range wich the contact are identify since 70NM it seems too much.

Regards